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14h18v4H7z"></path></g></svg></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><p>By Rachel Ellis</p> <p>Mission success in <a href="/space">space </a>requires making tough decisions. How, where, and when a mission will operate is the result of meticulous scrutiny. </p> <p>For example, a key decision is which orbit — which path in space to take around the Earth — to fly in, as each has distinct advantages and trade-offs. </p> <p>According to Carlos Niederstrasser, a senior space mission architect at Northrop Grumman, spacecraft can follow any elliptical trajectory because space is infinite, although the four commonly referenced categories are low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). </p> <p>Northrop Grumman is one of the only companies with the expertise and capability to design, build and operate systems across an array of orbits surrounding Earth. This is critical, as operating in multiple orbits enables resilient, adaptable space architectures. As a result, complex space missions incorporate satellites and space systems in multiple orbits to achieve their objectives. </p> <p>Leveraging a variety of orbits — a practice known as orbital diversity — plays a key role in achieving architectural resiliency for no-fail missions, like national security, that encompass several space-based systems. Operating diverse space systems across various orbits ensures that if, for whatever reason, one space asset in the architecture is unable to complete a given mission there are other options, in alternative orbits, in place to complete the mission. </p> <p>“A resilient architecture is one that can provide services with no or minimal degradation in the face of the most challenging of situations imaginable,” said Carlos. </p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-simple-quote class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-simple-quote quote-dark " data-appearance="dark" data-background-context="dark"><div class="SimpleQuote__QuoteWrapper-sc-f3v5si-0 dBkwAe block-align__wrapper"><div class="quote-flex"><div class="left-quote-icon"> <svg height="100%" viewBox="0 0 116 87" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="quote-title" role="img"> <title id="quote-title">Quote</title> <g transform="matrix(-1, 0, 0, 1, 109, 0)"> <path d="M46.594043,0.381117691 L1.1347904,0.381117691 C0.719727661,0.381117691 0.38372449,0.7157698 0.38372449,1.12916358 L0.38372449,46.4056255 C0.38372449,46.8190192 0.719727661,47.1536714 1.1347904,47.1536714 L28.0545739,47.1536714 C27.7976303,58.7286973 21.3345105,69.260396 11.0567664,74.7723131 L2.75551158,79.2212176 C2.4590382,79.378701 2.30091906,79.7133531 2.39974352,80.0480052 C2.47880309,80.3826573 2.77527648,80.6188823 3.11127965,80.6188823 L12.9937259,80.6188823 C31.9284928,80.6188823 47.3451089,65.2642561 47.3451089,46.4056255 L47.3451089,1.12916358 C47.3451089,0.7157698 47.0091058,0.381117691 46.594043,0.381117691 Z" id="Path" fill="#000000"></path> <path d="M107.86521,0.381117691 L62.405957,0.381117691 C61.9908942,0.381117691 61.6548911,0.7157698 61.6548911,1.12916358 L61.6548911,46.4056255 C61.6548911,46.8190192 61.9908942,47.1536714 62.405957,47.1536714 L89.3257405,47.1536714 C89.0687969,58.7286973 82.6056771,69.260396 72.327933,74.7723131 L64.0266782,79.2212176 C63.7302048,79.378701 63.5720856,79.7133531 63.6709101,80.0480052 C63.7499697,80.3826573 64.0464431,80.6188823 64.3824462,80.6188823 L74.2648924,80.6188823 C93.1996594,80.6188823 108.616276,65.2642561 108.616276,46.4056255 L108.616276,1.12916358 C108.616276,0.7157698 108.280272,0.381117691 107.86521,0.381117691 Z" id="Path" fill="#000000" fill-rule="nonzero"></path |
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14z"></path></svg></button></span></div></form></div></div></nav></div><div id="earnings-personalize-div"></div><main id="layout-main" class=""><section style="height:100vh" lang="en" id="" class="FpaStyles__FpaContainer-sc-5033g6-0 jaxtlw " mode="dark" height="0" bgPosition="center" data-personalization-key="false-0"><div class="editorial-container"><div class="d-flex"> <h2 class="clamp-text w-100 fpa_title">Orbital Power</h2> </div><div class="d-flex w-100 mt-2"><p class="clamp-text w-100 fpa_subtext">Shaping National Security from Space</p></div></div><div id="internal-personalize-c23da2c6-0cd5-4703-84f2-69a86008b8b7" class="img-container w-100 center " style="height:0;position:absolute"><div class="video-background"><figure class="w-100 figure"><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" preload="auto" style="width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover" 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14h18v4H7z"></path></g></svg></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><p>By Rachel Ellis</p> <p>Mission success in <a href="/space">space </a>requires making tough decisions. How, where, and when a mission will operate is the result of meticulous scrutiny. </p> <p>For example, a key decision is which orbit — which path in space to take around the Earth — to fly in, as each has distinct advantages and trade-offs. </p> <p>According to Carlos Niederstrasser, a senior space mission architect at Northrop Grumman, spacecraft can follow any elliptical trajectory because space is infinite, although the four commonly referenced categories are low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). </p> <p>Northrop Grumman is one of the only companies with the expertise and capability to design, build and operate systems across an array of orbits surrounding Earth. This is critical, as operating in multiple orbits enables resilient, adaptable space architectures. As a result, complex space missions incorporate satellites and space systems in multiple orbits to achieve their objectives. </p> <p>Leveraging a variety of orbits — a practice known as orbital diversity — plays a key role in achieving architectural resiliency for no-fail missions, like national security, that encompass several space-based systems. Operating diverse space systems across various orbits ensures that if, for whatever reason, one space asset in the architecture is unable to complete a given mission there are other options, in alternative orbits, in place to complete the mission. </p> <p>“A resilient architecture is one that can provide services with no or minimal degradation in the face of the most challenging of situations imaginable,” said Carlos. </p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-simple-quote class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-simple-quote quote-dark " data-appearance="dark" data-background-context="dark"><div class="SimpleQuote__QuoteWrapper-sc-f3v5si-0 dBkwAe block-align__wrapper"><div class="quote-flex"><div class="left-quote-icon"> <svg height="100%" viewBox="0 0 116 87" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="quote-title" role="img"> <title id="quote-title">Quote</title> <g transform="matrix(-1, 0, 0, 1, 109, 0)"> <path d="M46.594043,0.381117691 L1.1347904,0.381117691 C0.719727661,0.381117691 0.38372449,0.7157698 0.38372449,1.12916358 L0.38372449,46.4056255 C0.38372449,46.8190192 0.719727661,47.1536714 1.1347904,47.1536714 L28.0545739,47.1536714 C27.7976303,58.7286973 21.3345105,69.260396 11.0567664,74.7723131 L2.75551158,79.2212176 C2.4590382,79.378701 2.30091906,79.7133531 2.39974352,80.0480052 C2.47880309,80.3826573 2.77527648,80.6188823 3.11127965,80.6188823 L12.9937259,80.6188823 C31.9284928,80.6188823 47.3451089,65.2642561 47.3451089,46.4056255 L47.3451089,1.12916358 C47.3451089,0.7157698 47.0091058,0.381117691 46.594043,0.381117691 Z" id="Path" fill="#000000"></path |
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On line 13, column 2570 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div><div class="quote-padding "><div class="simple-quote__quote position-relative" data-gtm="Quote"><div>A resilient architecture is one that can provide services with no or minimal degradation in the face of the most challenging of situations imaginable. </div><div class="right-quote-icon position-absolute"> <svg height="100%" viewBox="0 0 116 87" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="quote-title" role="img"> <title id="quote-title">Quote< |
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14z"></path></svg></button></span></div></form></div></div></nav></div><div id="earnings-personalize-div"></div><main id="layout-main" class=""><section style="height:100vh" lang="en" id="" class="FpaStyles__FpaContainer-sc-5033g6-0 jaxtlw " mode="dark" height="0" bgPosition="center" data-personalization-key="false-0"><div class="editorial-container"><div class="d-flex"> <h2 class="clamp-text w-100 fpa_title">Orbital Power</h2> </div><div class="d-flex w-100 mt-2"><p class="clamp-text w-100 fpa_subtext">Shaping National Security from Space</p></div></div><div id="internal-personalize-c23da2c6-0cd5-4703-84f2-69a86008b8b7" class="img-container w-100 center " style="height:0;position:absolute"><div class="video-background"><figure class="w-100 figure"><video autoplay="" loop="" muted="" playsinline="" preload="auto" style="width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover" 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14h18v4H7z"></path></g></svg></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><p>By Rachel Ellis</p> <p>Mission success in <a href="/space">space </a>requires making tough decisions. How, where, and when a mission will operate is the result of meticulous scrutiny. </p> <p>For example, a key decision is which orbit — which path in space to take around the Earth — to fly in, as each has distinct advantages and trade-offs. </p> <p>According to Carlos Niederstrasser, a senior space mission architect at Northrop Grumman, spacecraft can follow any elliptical trajectory because space is infinite, although the four commonly referenced categories are low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), geosynchronous orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). </p> <p>Northrop Grumman is one of the only companies with the expertise and capability to design, build and operate systems across an array of orbits surrounding Earth. This is critical, as operating in multiple orbits enables resilient, adaptable space architectures. As a result, complex space missions incorporate satellites and space systems in multiple orbits to achieve their objectives. </p> <p>Leveraging a variety of orbits — a practice known as orbital diversity — plays a key role in achieving architectural resiliency for no-fail missions, like national security, that encompass several space-based systems. Operating diverse space systems across various orbits ensures that if, for whatever reason, one space asset in the architecture is unable to complete a given mission there are other options, in alternative orbits, in place to complete the mission. </p> <p>“A resilient architecture is one that can provide services with no or minimal degradation in the face of the most challenging of situations imaginable,” said Carlos. </p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-simple-quote class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-simple-quote quote-dark " data-appearance="dark" data-background-context="dark"><div class="SimpleQuote__QuoteWrapper-sc-f3v5si-0 dBkwAe block-align__wrapper"><div class="quote-flex"><div class="left-quote-icon"> <svg height="100%" viewBox="0 0 116 87" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-labelledby="quote-title" role="img"> <title id="quote-title">Quote< |
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On line 43, column 11815 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read Brian's Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable></div></ng-card-block-list></div></div></ng-card-grid></main><footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" data-gtm="Footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Stay Connected</h2> <ul class="footerSocial"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NorthropGrumman/"><img alt="Facebook" height="42" width="42" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/facebook.svg?mh=184&rev=18201e0868c9415d931f1a915d27a4c0"/>Facebook<span> - 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read Brian's Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable></div></ng-card-block-list></div></div></ng-card-grid></main><footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" data-gtm="Footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Stay Connected</h2> <ul class="footerSocial"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NorthropGrumman/"><img alt="Facebook" height="42" width="42" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/facebook.svg?mh=184&rev=18201e0868c9415d931f1a915d27a4c0"/>Facebook<span> - 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read Brian's Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable></div></ng-card-block-list></div></div></ng-card-grid></main><footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" data-gtm="Footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Stay Connected</h2> <ul class="footerSocial"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NorthropGrumman/"><img alt="Facebook" height="42" width="42" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/facebook.svg?mh=184&rev=18201e0868c9415d931f1a915d27a4c0"/>Facebook<span> - 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read Brian's Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable></div></ng-card-block-list></div></div></ng-card-grid></main><footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" data-gtm="Footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Stay Connected</h2> <ul class="footerSocial"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NorthropGrumman/"><img alt="Facebook" height="42" width="42" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/facebook.svg?mh=184&rev=18201e0868c9415d931f1a915d27a4c0"/>Facebook<span> - 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read Brian's Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable></div></ng-card-block-list></div></div></ng-card-grid></main><footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" data-gtm="Footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Stay Connected</h2> <ul class="footerSocial"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NorthropGrumman/"><img alt="Facebook" height="42" width="42" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/facebook.svg?mh=184&rev=18201e0868c9415d931f1a915d27a4c0"/>Facebook<span> - 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/igniting-the-next-generation-card.jpg?mh=300&rev=e080552e72724cea9de13aa7cf87b688"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Igniting the Next Generation</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Drawing on the inspiration he felt as a kid seeing the Apollo missions, Brian launched the Space Explorers club to teach students about rocketry.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read Brian's Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable></div></ng-card-block-list></div></div></ng-card-grid></main><footer class="site-footer" id="colophon" data-gtm="Footer"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-md-4"><h2>Stay Connected</h2> <ul class="footerSocial"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/NorthropGrumman/"><img alt="Facebook" height="42" width="42" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/facebook.svg?mh=184&rev=18201e0868c9415d931f1a915d27a4c0"/>Facebook<span> - 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On line 43, column 11676 "nonzero"></path> </g> </svg> </div></div><div class="simple-quote__author">Carlos Niederstrasser</div><div class="simple-quote__authorTitle"><div>Space Mission Architect</div></div></div></div></div></ng-simple-quote><div class="block_v2_standalone__wIaMR " style="--backgroundImage:url(null)"><div class="block_v2_call-out-content-wrapper__m26Al undefined " style="--backgroundImage:url(null);--height:0px;--aspectRatio:1.4285714285714286"><div class="block_v2_call-out-background__Q5QM_"><div class="block_v2_call-out__video-background-wrapper__uZv8Y "><video autoplay="" muted="" loop="" class="block_v2_video-background__WgyRI"><source src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/media/cobrandteam/orbits/space.mp4?rev=a1c3bebab4a344229c129fa51b9078bc" type="video/mp4"/></video></div></div><div class="block_v2_call-out__content-wrapper-mobile__ytdpm"></div></div></div><ng-editorial class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial " data-appearance="" data-text-color="" data-background-context="light" contentAlignment="" data-gtm=""><div class="Editorial__EditorialBlockWrapper-sc-k87vf1-0 cMqryb block-align__wrapper"><div class="content__wrapper"><ng-editorial-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-editorial-block-list false"><div class="p-tag"><div><h3>Protecting the Nation</h3> <p>As the threat environment evolves, achieving a resilient national security architecture is more important than ever before. When planning national security missions, it’s critical to consider each orbit’s unique characteristics to achieve a multi-layer architecture that balances each orbit’s advantages and trade-offs to deliver on the mission needs. </p> <p>As one example, consider LEO compared to GEO. Satellites in LEO move more quickly given their proximity to Earth — which can be an advantage — but they provide less continuous coverage than a satellite in GEO. </p> <p>“A satellite is moving about 5 miles per second in LEO,” said Carlos. “As Earth rotates below it, the satellite observes the whole planet. The closer range to the surface allows for higher quality observations and it also requires a smaller rocket to launch since less energy is needed to get to LEO.” </p> <p>Satellites in GEO are farther away from Earth and move slower, at about 2 miles per second. This unique orbit allows satellites in GEO to circle Earth exactly once per day, compared to 15 times a day in LEO. As a result, satellites in GEO appear fixed in the same spot over the equator all the time, so the satellite has a continuous view of the portion of the Earth that is directly below it. </p> <p>In contrast, due to its much higher speed, a satellite in LEO will be over any spot on Earth for, at most, just 10 minutes; thus, the mission will require a proliferated architecture consisting of many more satellites in LEO to achieve continuous coverage. </p> <h3>Striking the Resiliency Balance</h3> <p>According to Andy Lewin, senior director of strategy at Northrop Grumman, there is no silver bullet when it comes to building resiliency in space. However, creating redundancy across orbits and establishing a diverse architecture is critical. </p> <p>“To achieve assurance and resiliency, we need different capabilities in various orbits,” said Andy. “From a technical perspective, it becomes much harder for our adversaries to successfully destroy missions this way. It’s also cost prohibitive for adversaries to move from one orbit to another.” </p> <p>Another piece of the resiliency puzzle is leveraging the variety of altitudes and inclinations — the angles of each orbit in relation to the Earth’s equator — to limit adversaries' mobility. For example, a satellite with zero-degree inclination will fly directly over the equator, while a satellite with 90-degree inclination will travel over the whole Earth from pole to pole, said Andy. </p> <h3>Technological Innovation and Orbital Functions</h3> <p>Through technological advancements over the last decade or so — such as increased abilities to harden electronics from radiation and other harsh radioactive environments in space — new and emerging opportunities to strengthen architectural resiliency have come to the forefront. </p> <p>“For instance, in MEO, satellites must fly through a region called the Van Allen belts, which have high levels of radiation,” Carlos said. “While the radiation levels haven’t changed over time, our ability to shield satellites has improved. As a result, we’re seeing more satellites taking advantage of flying in MEO where they are still close to Earth but aren’t moving as fast as they would in LEO.” </p> <p>Carlos said these innovative shifts, and how they’re being capitalized for the nation’s defense strategy, provide essential services in the face of natural or man-made disasters. </p> <p>“We’re trying to find the most advantageous mix,” Carlos said. “For certain missions, there might be trade-offs of optimal outputs, such as the resolution of an image, but the result is lower overall cost and increased resiliency. These are the types of considerations made when we’re thinking about where, and which orbits, our satellites will operate in.” </p> <p>Read more about how Northrop Grumman is <a href="/space">defining possible in every orbit</a>.</p></div></div></ng-editorial-block-list></div></div></ng-editorial><ng-card-grid class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-grid is-style-navy"><div class="block__background full-height "></div><div class="CardGridStyles__CardGridContainer-sc-1w48ziy-0 hSJsZJ block-align__wrapper"><div class="header__wrapper" data-gtm="Recommended Stories"><h2>Recommended Stories</h2><div class="p-tag"><div><p><a href="/careers/life-northrop-grumman">Working at Northrop Grumman</a> makes a difference. Whether its designing next-generation aircraft, harnessing digital technologies or building spacecraft that will return humanity to the moon, we contribute to technology that’s transforming the world. </p></div></div></div><div class="card__layout"><ng-card-block-list class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-block-list "><div class="card-block-list__layout "><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Image of woman in clean room lab clothes smiling. " width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/life-at-ngc/kathryn-stewart-polar-partners-editorial.jpg?mh=300&rev=d3d036b623424d3fa4a15d9b3cad7d0b"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Polar Partners</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Hear from the team making this mission possible. <span style="color: #222222; background-color: #ffffff;">The mission is a team effort, bringing together employees from across the company.</span></p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/polar-partners" data-gtm="Polar Partners" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="photo of two people in engineering lab smiling" width="500" height="500" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail" loading="lazy" sizes="375px" src="https://cdn.northropgrumman.com/-/jssmedia/Project/Northrop-Grumman/ngc/what-we-do/space/satcom/switchboards-in-the-sky-banner-840.jpg?mh=300&rev=e75d64e739f84e9bb4bc52288d00c040"/></ng-card-linkable-media><div class="card__body"><div class="card__category"><a href="/ " aria-label=" "> </a></div><div class="card__body-title"><h3>Switchboards in the Sky</h3></div><div class="card__body-text"><div><p>Director Diane Legler ends her welcome speech to interns and college hires on her military satellite communications team with a bit of humor.</p></div></div><div class="CardGridItem__BodyActionsWrapper-sc-m6oc3h-0 DJXOJ card__body-actions"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/switchboards-in-the-sky" data-gtm="Switchboards in the Sky" class="card__body-button" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""><svg fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.88 4.12L13.76 12l-7.88 7.88L8 22l10-10L8 2z"></path></svg>Read the Story</a></div></div></ng-card-linkable><ng-card-linkable class="wp-block-northrop-grumman-card-linkable" data-gtm="Card Grid Item"><a href="/life-at-northrop-grumman/igniting-the-next-generation" data-gtm="Igniting the Next Generation" class="overlay" rel="noopener noreferrer" target=""> </a><ng-card-linkable-media class="card__media"><img alt="Two men standing next to each other. 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